Serving as guest editor of this issue on youth mental health for the North Carolina Medical Journal has greatly expanded the breadth and depth of my understanding of the aforementioned issues relevant for today's youth. I hope that this issue is as informative to your work, regardless of your role in serving and advocating for young people in the great state of North Carolina. ©2020 by the North Carolina Institute of Medicine and The Duke Endowment. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Health care costs are on the rise and causing financial burden for many patients. Price transparency has been proposed as a tool to control health care costs. New federal legislation requires all hospitals to publish their chargemasters, or price lists, on their websites as of January 1, 2019.METHOD All general acute care hospitals in North Carolina were contacted in 2017 to request price information. After mandatory chargemaster publication was in effect in 2019, all hospitals previously contacted had their websites evaluated for chargemaster availability. Price information collected in 2019 was compared to information collected in 2017.RESULTS Zero percent of hospitals provided access to chargemasters in 2017, and 72% provided access in 2019. Average price per queried item decreased from 2017 to 2019. Price variability also decreased. However, there was no statistical significance when comparing price means.LIMITATIONS In 2017, price data was limited due to low hospital participation when queried for prices. In 2019, this study's definition of "access to chargemaster" inadvertently excluded some North Carolina hospitals from qualifying as providing price access.CONCLUSION After mandated chargemaster publication, consumer access to hospital price lists greatly increased in North Carolina. Price data, although limited, reveals decreased mean prices and decreased price variability for queried procedures after chargemaster publication was required. ©2020 by the North Carolina Institute of Medicine and The Duke Endowment. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Low health literacy is a recognized contributor to health disparities. Significant proportions of the adult population, especially the underserved, have low health literacy. The purpose of this study was to examine health literacy and its associations with health status and chronic health conditions among North Carolina adults.METHODS The 2016 North Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System included health literacy questions that focused on accessing and understanding health information. Using these self-reported data, we estimated the prevalence of low health literacy and assessed its associations with general health status and chronic health conditions after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and health care access.RESULTS Overall, 4.8% of adults reported having difficulty getting health information or advice, 7.5% understanding oral information from health professionals, and 8.3% understanding written health information; 14.8% reported having difficulty with at least one of these tasks. The adjusted odds of low health literacy were moderately higher for those who had been diagnosed with the following conditions compared to those not diagnosed heart attack, coronary heart disease, or stroke (AOR = 1.81, 95% CI=1.33, 2.47); COPD (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.19, 2.34); arthritis (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.32, 2.15); depression (AOR = 1.95, 95% CI=1.52, 2.50); and kidney disease (AOR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.02, 2.60).LIMITATIONS All data were self-reported.CONCLUSIONS A notable segment of the North Carolina adult population has low health literacy, and those who do are particularly vulnerable to adverse health status. Targeted efforts are needed to identify strategies to improve health literacy and decrease health disparities. ©2020 by the North Carolina Institute of Medicine and The Duke Endowment. All rights reserved.SUMMARYPyrazinamide (PZA) is a cornerstone antimicrobial drug used exclusively for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Due to its ability to shorten drug therapy by 3?months and reduce disease relapse rates, PZA is considered an irreplaceable component of standard first-line short-course therapy for drug-susceptible TB and second-line treatment regimens for multidrug-resistant TB. Despite over 60 years of research on PZA and its crucial role in current and future TB treatment regimens, the mode of action of this unique drug remains unclear. Defining the mode of action for PZA will open new avenues for rational design of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of TB. In this review, we discuss the four prevailing models for PZA action, recent developments in modulation of PZA susceptibility and resistance, and outlooks for future research and drug development. Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology.SUMMARYTechnologies allowing genetic sequencing of the human microbiome are opening new realms to discovery. The host microbiota substantially impacts immune responses both in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) and in tumors affecting tissues beyond skin and mucosae. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/autophinib.html However, a mechanistic link between host microbiota and cancer or IMIDs has not been well established. Here, we propose T helper 17 (TH17) lymphocytes as the connecting factor between host microbiota and rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritides, multiple sclerosis, breast or ovarian cancer, and multiple myeloma. We theorize that similar mechanisms favor the expansion of gut-borne TH17 cells and their deployment at the site of inflammation in extraborder IMIDs and tumors, where TH17 cells are driving forces. Thus, from a pathogenic standpoint, tumors may share mechanistic routes with IMIDs. A review of similarities and divergences in microbiota-TH17 cell interactions in IMIDs and cancer sheds light on previously ignored pathways in either one of the two groups of pathologies and identifies novel therapeutic avenues. Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology.SUMMARYViruses and mobile genetic elements are molecular parasites or symbionts that coevolve with nearly all forms of cellular life. The route of virus replication and protein expression is determined by the viral genome type. Comparison of these routes led to the classification of viruses into seven "Baltimore classes" (BCs) that define the major features of virus reproduction. However, recent phylogenomic studies identified multiple evolutionary connections among viruses within each of the BCs as well as between different classes. Due to the modular organization of virus genomes, these relationships defy simple representation as lines of descent but rather form complex networks. Phylogenetic analyses of virus hallmark genes combined with analyses of gene-sharing networks show that replication modules of five BCs (three classes of RNA viruses and two classes of reverse-transcribing viruses) evolved from a common ancestor that encoded an RNA-directed RNA polymerase or a reverse transcriptase. Bona fide viruses evolved from this ancestor on multiple, independent occasions via the recruitment of distinct cellular proteins as capsid subunits and other structural components of virions.